Cultural Exchange through trade in the Sixteenth Century

Introduction People consider trade as one among the human activities that enhanced cultural exchange during the sixteenth century. During this period, merchants embarked on trade missions that lasted months and years on either land or sea. The fact that the commodities involved in the trade were only available in some regions forced these merchants to travel or sail to different destinations in search of those commodities that were not available in their regions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cultural Exchange through trade in the Sixteenth Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cultural values such as religious beliefs, art or aesthetic values, language, and even systems of government are among the cultural values that were exchanged during these trading missions (Sanders et al, 2006, p.69). This paper examines how trading activities during the sixteenth century enhanced the exchange of these values among people of different ethnicities who were involved in trade in the different trade routes that existed in the period. Cultural aspects exchanged through trade during the sixteenth century Religion Some of the world’s famous religions benefitted immensely from the trading activities in the sixteenth century. Merchants spread their religious beliefs and practices along the route of their trade. For instance, Christianity and Islam experienced a substantial boost in the sixteenth century as traders introduced the religions to new people they encountered along their trade routes. Arab traders from Asia who were engaged in trading activities in North Africa took advantage of the opportunity accorded to them by the trading activities to spread Islam in the region. As a result, even today most of the North African states are Islam states. Christianity and Buddhism also spread immensely to some African, European, American and Asian nations where the beliefs never existed before . Art/ aesthetic values Art and aesthetic values were also exchanged immensely during the trading activities of the sixteenth century. The medium of exchange of artistic and aesthetic values was in either written form or oral. The commodities of trade in some aspects inspired this exchange in cases where by traders sold their artifacts to others who fancied them. In most cases, people considered cultures as superior to others that benefited most from this cultural exchange (Van Tielhof, 2002, p.112). The most civilized cultures passed their aesthetic values to other cultures who considered them as superior. Language Just like the artistic and aesthetic values, languages that people considered superior to others were considerably exchanged. As a result, they spread tremendously during the trading activities of the sixteenth century. Languages such as English spread considerably during this period for a couple of reasons.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's se e if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, most traders found the English language as the best-suited language for business purposes, which made even non-English speakers struggle and muster the language. Second is the fact that the Bible was experiencing more translations into the English language, which made more and more people who had converted to Christianity desire to know the language (Clark, 1999, p.58). Finally, the language was hold with a high esteem, which made people who acquired it feel superior to others who did not. There are instances where new languages were born because of the interactions that took place through the trading activities. These languages include the Swahili language in the eastern coast of Africa, which was born because of the interaction of the African Bantu communities and the Arab traders who stationed at the coast on their way to other trade destinations or even trading with the local communities. T he language comprises of a mixture of candid Arabic words and African words. Therefore, it eased the communication between the two diverse trading partners (Pirenne, 1987, p.30). Traders had overcome the language barrier and could now negotiate with each other with a common language. Other languages include Mandarin Chinese and the Creole language. Political values Another cultural aspect that experienced noticeable change during the sixteenth century is the government ideologies. During this historic period, states were desperate to discover what system of government was most effect to ensure that the states did not fall (Aksel, 1941, p.103). As traders encountered each other during the various trades, they exchanged political values. Various systems that were considered more effective such as democracy were spread appreciably during this period. The traders from the regions that people considered more politically stable were at an advantage when it came to influencing others and p assing their political ideologies on to them. Major trade routes in the sixteenth century Irrespective of the nature of the major commodities of trade that were involved in different trade routes in the sixteenth century, it can be argued that cultural values were more exchanged than the actual commodities. Sanders et al. (2006) argues that this is because a trader could fail to reach at an agreement with another and consequently fail to close a sales deal, but in the process of their interaction, the exchange of cultural values and ideas was inevitable (p.70). The principal trade routes of the period in which cultural exchange is considered to have taken place substantially include the following; the trans- Saharan trade, the Trans –Atlantic slave trade, the spice routes, the monsoon trade, the Baltic trade and the Silk Road.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cultural Exchange through trade in the Sixteenth Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Trans-Atlantic slave trade The trans- Atlantic slave trade connected the Asian continent with North and West of Africa and Europe. The major commodities of this trade were minerals mostly gold from West Africa. Other things included ceramics and food commodities. The cultural exchange that was most experienced during this trade is the exchange of religious and political values (Clark, 1999, p.70). The Islam culture was spread to most areas covered in this trade route by the Arab merchants from the Arab world. Most of the nations adopted the Islamic culture. They practice it up until to-date. Values associated to this religious culture replaced the other values that existed before this trade. Political values and aesthetic values were also exchanged in this trade. Trans- Saharan trade People consider the trans- Saharan trade, which connected the Eastern coast of the American continent with the western coast of Africa and Europe, as the most infamous trade that ever took place in the history of humanity (De Vries, 1976, p.12). The major commodity of this trade was slaves who were forcibly removed from their cultures in Africa and taken to the Americas, Europe and the Caribbean to work in plantations and homes. The slaves were introduced to new cultural values, which they integrated with theirs as they settled down in strange lands (Sanders et al., 2006, p.39). Religious values and other values that justified the slavery to the slaves in order to accept their conditions were instilled on them. In order to avoid more friction with the slaves and as an effort to get along smoothly with the slaves, masters and slave traders had to learn some cultural aspects of the slaves. This helped dissolve the hatred that had emerged between them. Traders also had to learn the languages of other traders that they were involved with in the course of their business (Clark, 1999, p.79). For instance, in order to achieve this, the Creole language of West Africa, which necessitated the communication among traders and with slaves developed. This language is formed of words that are drawn from both the English language and the native West African languages. Another language that emerged during the time of this trade is Pidgin English, which is also formed by incorporating both English and some native West African languages (Clark, 1999, p.37). The Silk Road This trade route is considered the trade route that lasted for many centuries. Some people claim that the trade route exists even today. The trade route connects Asia, mostly China with the Indian sub-continent, Europe and Africa.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The major commodities of this trade included gold and other minerals as well as ceramics and artifacts. According to Pirenne (1987), this trade route is held responsible for the growth of and spread of the Buddhist faith even before the sixteenth century (p.47). Cultural values such as aesthetic values and social ideas were exchanged during the course of this trade. The Indian Ocean trade This trade connected the European continent with Asia, Africa, and the Indian sub continent. The major commodities of the trade involved ivory, minerals and at times slaves. This trade achieved its apex during the sixteenth century when the Suez Canal was created (Aksel, 1941, p.34). This trade route necessitated the spread of the Islam culture and the birth of the Swahili culture. The eastern Africa coast, which was a significant trade zone and destination in this trade, experienced a lot of cultural integration, which further resulted into, inter- marriages. The spice routes The spice routes most ly originated from Asia and connected the region with others such as the north of Africa and Europe. These routes include the salt routes that transverse the entire European continent and Asia (Aksel, 1941, p.56). These trade routes served as platforms for traders to exchange ideas both inside and outside the business world. Political, social and religious values were exchanged during this trade. People consider the cultural values to have been spread the most during this particular trade are the Buddhist religious values and the Buddhist culture (Bentley et al, 2008, p. 23). Aesthetic values, as well as languages, were also profoundly exchanged because of this trade. The Mandarin Chinese language was developed to necessitate communications during the trading activities. Conclusion For effective trading, the traders involved in the different trading activities during the sixteenth century had to ensure that they understood each other as much as they could. As a result, this enhanced cultural exchange, which helped to dissolve the differences that existed between them considering that they hailed from different places and held different cultural values. The traders believed that if they shared similar beliefs with their counterparts in trade, they will easily negotiate and close deals without any problems that their differences could have brought upon them (Van Tielhof, 2002, p.35) Trade, therefore, served as an excellent platform for cultural exchange in the sixteenth century as people exchanged these values during their interactions. Reference List Aksel, C. (1941). Dutch Trade to the Baltic about 1600. Journal of culture, 23(1), 1-110. Bentley, J., Ziegler, H., Streets, H. (2008). Traditions and encounters: A brief global history. New York: McGraw Hill. Clark, S. (1999). Trade and Empire. London: Zed Books. De Vries, J, (1976). The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750. Journal of Economics, 34(4), 12. Pirenne, H. (1987). The Place of trade in th e Cultural History of Medieval Europe. Economic History Review, 2(1), 30-89. Sanders, T., Nelson, S., Morillo, S., Ellenberger, N. (2006). Encounters in world history:Â  Sources and themes from the global post volume one: to 1500. New York: McGraw Hill. Van Tielhof, M. (2002). The ‘Mother of all Trades’: The Baltic Grain Trade from the Late Sixteenth to the Early Nineteenth Century. Leiden: Brill. This research paper on Cultural Exchange through trade in the Sixteenth Century was written and submitted by user Teagan Cantrell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

International Tensions Between 1871 - 1914 Essays - Orders

International Tensions Between 1871 - 1914 Essays - Orders International Tensions Between 1871 - 1914 International Tensions between 1871 - 1914 With some tough footsteps in which to follow, Wilhelm II was led towards a military lifestyle. He surrounded himself with the German military and its militaristic society. As the Kaiser grew older, he wanted a place in the sun for the German people and to do that, Germany needed to have colonies overseas. There wasnt much room left for new colonisation, never the less, Wilhelm built up the German military and under the Tripitz Plan, built a naval fleet to rival that of Great Britains. The British completion of the HMS Dreadnought in 1906, brought unexpected results. The HMS Dreadnought represented a true terror weapon of the day whose speed, armament, and firepower obsoleted every other battleship in existence. Kaiser William II of Germany hated and envied Britain for having a stronger navy than his. He increased the German navy and built many warships. Britain responded with building more ships and in creasing its navy too. This started a race for building more and better warships and it created tension and competition between the two countries, it was called the arms race. The British were aware of the fact that the defeat of the their navy would mean the end of their empire while the defeat of the German navy wouldnt ensure the absolute defeat of Germany. The relations between these two countries dropped dramatically as the result of this race and it assured the joining of Britain to the Franco-Russian side in the event of a conflict. Germany and France were rivals for centuries, the rivalry had increased since the beginning of the century and the end of the 19th century. This happened because of the war between those two countries in 1870-71, when Germany defeated France. Germany took over the areas of Alsace and Lorraine and the French people wanted to revenge Germany and take back the lands. France could not start a war against Germany, simply because of the reason that Germany had more

Is there such thing as a normal sexual orientation Essay

Is there such thing as a normal sexual orientation - Essay Example Traditional perception of sexuality takes it origins from the ancient times. Ruse (1988) implies that Ancient Greeks and Jews were the groups who were primarily influential on the morality of modern civilization. However, over the matter of sexual orientation, Greek and Jewish thoughts enter the conflict, and it is often the Jewish tradition that proves triumphant. As a result, people’s perception that the â€Å"normal† sexual orientation is heterosexuality has long since become tradition. This essay will argue that in spite of traditional views against homosexuality and bisexuality, there is no such thing as a normal sexual orientation. It will further conclude that heterosexuality as a sexual orientation is a socially constructed view. On the one side, there are several factors that prove the existence of the concept of normal sexual orientation. Firstly, the religious way of looking at sexuality forbids any homosexual acts. For example, Magonet (1995) notes that Juda ism, as one of the oldest monotheistic religions, considers homosexual acts as a â€Å"halakha† (which means a violation of traditional Jewish law). In addition, Hertzberg (1991) implied that The Torah forbids the act of homosexuality, which is known as mishkav zakhar, and considers a homosexual act between two men to be an abhorrent thing (which is known as to’evah), and is punishable by death—a strong prohibition. Likewise, Islam regards homosexuality as a sin and a vast deviation from the norm: "We also sent Lut: He said to his people: ‘Do ye commit lewdness such as no people in creation (ever) committed before you? For ye practice your lusts on men in preference to women: ye are indeed a people transgressing beyond bounds. Quran 7:80-81)’†. Moreover, according to a pamphlet produced by Al-Fatiha, there is a consensus among Islamic scholars that all humans are naturally heterosexual. All Islamic schools of thought and jurisprudence consider gay acts to be unlawful and sinful (Habib, 2010). Like Judaism and Islam, Christianity also does not accept homosexuality, and considers it is an illicit lust that is forbidden by God. He said to His people of Israel, "Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination (Leviticus 18:22).† "If a man also lie with mankind, as he lieth with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them (Leviticus 20:13).† In these passages from The Old Testament of the Bible, homosexuality is condemned and shown as a prime example of a sin, a sexual perversion. A Christian can neither alter God's viewpoint nor depart from it (Boswell, 1980). They may believe otherwise, but this does not change how Christianity as a whole views homosexuality. From the scientific perspective, sex is made for reproduction and a male and female’s genitals are designed to mate with one another. Arguments from biol ogy have proven to be very powerful in maintaining heterosexual relations. The anatomical construction of genitalia is a great necessity for heterosexual relations. It is not possible to create future generations without heterosexual relations between genders not only for human being, but also for animal species. For example, Kant, in his Lectures of Ethics, argues that homosexuality is unnatural in that it "degrades mankind below the level of animals, for no animal turns in this way from its own

Derm Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Derm Project - Assignment Example Acne Folliculitis Acne, scientifically called Acne vulgaris is a common skin condition. It affects the hair follicles at the chest, face or even the back. It is manifested in the skin as congested pores called comedones, pustules, tender red bumps or cysts. Diagnosis of acne is on the basis of patient history and physical assessment. Initial pathology through microscopy is called microcomedo and, involves open or comedones referred to as blackheads and whiteheads respectively. These include Pillsbury acne grading scale, acne cook scale and acne Leeds technique (Gaeddert, 2003). Folliculitis is a common skin condition which is evident by several minute red or pink bumps predominant in at the hair follicles. This skin condition can affect any part of the body including the back, arms, legs, chest and cheeks. Ranging between 10 - 100 bumps, this skin condition appears as a scatter within the affected area. The spots or bumps can be slightly red indicating an inflammation. Accidental scr atching of the bump reveals a coiled hair engulfed within the bump. Diagnosis of Folliculitis basically involves the assessment of the skin’s appearance (Gaeddert, 2003). On rare instances is skin biopsies required so as to help the dermatologist on diagnosis. Additionally, the skin could be cultured in bacterial media so as to help in detection of the causative agent. Microscopic tests on the skin including fungal tests can be conducted using potassium hydroxide. This procedure helps in determining whether the condition is caused by a fungus or yeast. A histopathological procedure can be conducted to reveal epidermal hyperkeratosis as well as clustering of leukocytes. Rosacea Eczema Rosacea is a thriving skin condition which affects the eyes and the face. It is characterized by reddening of the affected region indicating a possible inflammation as well as emergence of pimples. This dermatological condition is most pronounced in women and individuals with fair skin tone. Usua lly, Rosacea is evident in the age range of between 30 to 60 years. Also termed as acne rosacea, this condition is characterized by symptoms of swollen nose, thick skin, red and itchy eyes. Moreover, there is a stinging facial skin on application of lotions as well as minute red veins on the face. The diagnosis of Rosacea is mostly dependent on physical examination categorized as primary or secondary features. A patient is diagnosed with Rosacea if he or she possesses one of the primary features of persistent flushing, pimples, visible blood vessels. Secondary features are manifest in several subtypes including Papulopustular, Phymatous Erythematotelangiectatic and ocular rosacea (Gaeddert, 2003). Eczema is characterized by vesicles that are small and which contain fluid substance. These vessicles are pimple like and are evident as reddish and swollen. When dried, the fluids leave behind dry patches on the surface of the affected areas. This condition occurs in the facial region in a majority of patients. Eczema can be diagnosed through microscopy. Seborrheic Dermatitis Scalp psoriasis A close relative psoriasis is the seborrheic dermatitis that affects the scalp as well. This condition is inflammatory and it leads to the production of flaky, white to yellowish scabs on the skin. Symptoms of this condition include reddish swollen patches around the nose, armpits and mouth. Others include itching, widespread

Reading Is the Path to Success Essay Example for Free

Reading Is the Path to Success Essay Introduction 1. Before you begin each assigned essay, read about the author’s life (biography). In particular, note literary biography. On our Learning Web, I have a website link for each author we study. 2. Note the titles. What expectations do the titles create? Once you have finished reading each essay, reconsider each title. 3. As you read, note the author’s intertwining of some of the elements of memoir: narration, description (especially appeals to the five senses), emotion (tone), and reflective commentary. Note any use of dialog. Langston Hughes’ â€Å"Salvation† (from The Big Sea, 1940) 1. Who is Langston Hughes (1902-1967)? Note his biography on the Learning Web. 2. In Hughes’ essay â€Å"Salvation,† do you find more narration or description? Which one of these strategies is the primary strategy that structures the essay? 3. What is the point of view of this essay? How old was Hughes when he wrote this essay? How old was he when the event occurred? What is the age of his speaking voice in the essay? How do you know? (Note exclamation marks and purposeful overuse of the word â€Å"and.†) 4. What is Hughes’ thesis? 5. Where is the setting(s)? What descriptive details does Hughes use to sketch in the setting? 6. Note allusions to religious hymns. â€Å"The Ninety-Nine and Nine† and â€Å"Let the Lower Lights Be Burning† are old evangelical hymns sung in church. 7. Examine Hughes imagery (appeals to the five senses). What are some of Hughes’ specific images? 8. Note how Hughes sustains the imagery in paragraph 13. 9. Who are the minor characters? How does Hughes describe each one? 10. Note Hughes’ use of short simple sentences for effect. Note his use of sentence fragments. 11. Note Hughes’ use of the one sentence paragraph for  dramatic effect. 12. Note Hughes’ use of dialog. What makes his dialog effective? 13. What conflict(s) do you find in this essay? Are Hughes’ conflicts internal or external (or both)? 14. Note the character Westley. Why is he important to the story? 15. Where is the climax of this essay? Explain your decision. 16. Account for the title â€Å"Salvation.† From what, exactly, was he saved? 17. What irony do you find in this essay? 18. Do the conflicts reach resolution by the end of the story? 19. Comment on tone. Do you find this essay humorous or serious (or both)? 20. Note Hughes’ use of the dash (—) for dramatic emphasis. 21. Did you enjoy reading this essay? Why or why not? 22. Did you look up vocabulary? Note â€Å"knickerbockers,† â€Å"rounder,† and â€Å"mourners’ bench.† Annie Dillard’s â€Å"The Chase† (from An American Childhood, 1987) 1. Who is Annie Dillard (1945 )? Read her biography in the Learning Web. Note literary biography. In particular note the paragraph about her as a small child. 2. Why does the essay begin with a paragraph about being a tomboy and loving football? Dillard is using football as a metaphor for what? According to Dillard, what does football require? 3. What is her thesis? (Note paragraph #2.) 4. What is her setting? Note the descriptions of the snow. 5. Where does conflict begin? What kind of conflict do we have in this story? 6. Describe the driver. What does he do after the children hit his car with a snowball? 7. Note the chase itself. Note how the rising action intensifies in paragraph 12 and 13. Note the signal words that help you follow her. 8. What about the man’s behavior surprises Dillard? In her mind, the driver transforms from what to what? 9. Where is the climax of the essay? 10. Dillard keeps dialog to a minimum. What dialog do we hear? 11. What is Dillard’s attitude about being captured? 12. What word would you use to describe the tone of this memoir? 13. Dillard reveals the point of her story in paragraph 19 as part of her denouement. What is that point? 14. Note that description of the man in paragraph 21. In Dillard’s imagination, he has transformed from â€Å"the driver† into what? 15. Note Dillard’s use of the semicolon and dash as part of her sentence structure. 16. Note vocabulary â€Å"crenellated,† â€Å"spherical,† â€Å"perfunctorily.† E. B. White’s â€Å"Once More to the Lake† (Harper’s Magazine, â€Å"One Man’s Meat,† White’s monthly column, October 1941) 1. Who is E. B. White (1899-1985)? When did he write â€Å"Once More to the Lake†? Note literary biography on our Learning Web. 2. Note the exposition. Who are the characters? What is the setting? 3. Note White’s thesis. 4. Do you find the essay has more narration or description? 5. Note White’s use of imagery as he describes the lake. 6. What figurative language does White use to describe the lake? 7. What conflict do you find in this essay? When does the conflict begin? Is White’s conflict internal or external? Explain. 8. When White and his son go fishing the first morning, White mentions â€Å"the† dragonfly instead of â€Å"a† dragonfly. Account for his decision to use â€Å"the.† 9. Note places in the memoir where conflict builds. 10. What sound effect disrupts White’s reliving of his past? 11. Where is the climax of this essay? Account for your decision. Is there resolution? 12. Why does White feel a â€Å"chill of death† at the end of the essay? 13. What is the tone of this essay? Account for your answer. 14. Did you enjoy this essay? Why or why not? Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds† (from her novel The Joy Luck Club, 1989) 1. Who is Amy Tan (1950 )? Note her biography on the Learning Web. Note literary biography. 2. Note the exposition of the story. What is the narrative point of view? Who are the main characters in the story? What are the cultural differences between Jing Mei and her mother? Note dialog and body language as you read. 3. What is the setting of â€Å"Two Kinds†? Where and when does this story take place and how do you know? 4. Define the word â€Å"prodigy.† 5. What motivates Jing Mei’s mother to force her child to become a prodigy? 6. What are Jing Mei’s first responses to becoming a prodigy? 7. Note the rising action and conflict. 8. What does Jing Mei finally decide she will do about her mother’s constant attempts to make her into a prodigy? 9. Note Mr. Chong. Who is he? What specific details about him make him a vivid character? 10. The piano plays an important role in the story. What does it become for Jing Mei? 11. Note the various reactions of the people who experience Jing Mei’s recital. 12. What is the climax of the story? 13. What happens in the denouement of the story? 14. Is the mother-daughter conflict resolved? 15. In the denouement, what does Jing Mei learn about the song she played at the recital? 16. Note Tan’s use of metaphor and simile. Give examples of Tan’s figurative language and fine detail and imagery.

Slaughterhouse Five :: essays research papers

Slaughter house 5   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We had been foolish virgins in the war right at the end of childhood† Slaughterhouse Five-Kurt Vonnegut â€Å"The children’s crusade started in 1213 when two monks got the idea of raising armies of children in France and Germany, and selling them in North Africa as slaves. Thirty thousand children volunteered thinking they were going to Palestine. (p.16) The Children’s Crusade and the World Wars are similar because of the drafting of the innocent to do the duties of a nation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The children who volunteered were the â€Å"idle and deserted children who generally swarm in great cities, nurtured on vice and daring,† they thought they were going to Palestine but really they were being sold as slaves. Children are naive and very gullible, trusting in the words of the adults around them. They also believe that they have a grasp on their lives and control of the obstacles in life one discovers through experience when, in reality they have exactly the opposite. The young who fought in Dresden went off to war without knowing what to expect, much like the Children’s Crusade volunteers. Good fortune might have been one of the promises sworn in boot camp but what they received was the complete scythe of silence. Left behind, untagged and forgotten on the battleground, their bodies disintegrated into the earth leaving the young’s’ potentials undone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Billy Pilgrim went to war â€Å"He didn’t look like a soldier at all, he looked like a filthy flamingo.† Not ready to go out the door like a child, Billy is unprepared to go to war. No helmet, no protective armor, weapon or proper footwear he is as ready as a child who has not woken yet. Billy is clearly a child in many ways: he is naà ¯ve, gullible, ignorant, and lacks historical judgment and experience. â€Å"The third bullet was for the filthy flamingo, who stopped dead center in the road when the lethal bee buzzed past his ear. Billy stood there politely, giving the marksman another chance.† This clearly illustrated the child-like person Billy is. Instead of duck and cover, Billy stands there as if he were playing a board game he didn’t want to play and in protest did not move his player. He doesn’t truly grasp the distraught situation he is in and he most certainly doesn’t comprehend it. By not looking out for his own interest he becomes an infantile creature depending on the civil duties of others.

Innovation Prowess Leadership Strategies for Accelerating Growth Essay

Introduction             Innovative management is a strategy in which a company manager utilizes all the available resources and develops a working community where ingenuity and innovativeness work together with practicality in order to formulate reforms. Today’s fast changing business environment calls for innovation management which will help companies to achieve their long term objectives. Innovation management will help companies to maintain competitive advantage. Long term sustainability of a company may be determined by its ability to expertly direct innovation assets to address a swiftly changing economic and market setting. Innovation management includes the activities, decisions and practices that propel an opinion to realization for the rationale of breeding business worth. This paper is about software development by Samsung Company. The Company has come up with an advanced wireless disk drive that is the champion in the Google industry (Day, 2013). Samsung unlike Apple reveal good consumerist skills in the course of innovativeness. The Company usually manufactures differentiated products that ensure that consumers choose from variety of Samsung devices. For example, Samsung products are of high quality with OS and software thus thriving well especially in OS and android market. Samsung have advanced strategic capacity which enable them hang about as the greatest threat to Apple. For example, their marketing strategies are outstanding. They augmented their cost of advertisement from $78 million to $401 million. In addition Samsung association capability is first-class. They exceedingly believe in providing people with opportunities to excel. They slot in the five hub values in every action taken which enable them to prosper. They are dedicated in ensuring that they are socially and environmentally liable wherever they are operating from (Michell, 2010). Innovation management is very important owing to the fact that Samsung Company have to work under tight budget and the increased demand from the customer who prefer high quality products and services at affordable prices. Innovation management emphasizes on production of new technologies, products and services. Samsung is also known as the giant electronic maker, it is planning to launch the advanced wireless disk drive to the android users. The advanced disk drive Crystal Disk Mark chronological read and writes scores of 300MB/sec and 250MB/sec are around three times as fast as the swiftest hard disks from any other company and the disk’s LaCie’s small-file scores are excellent: its 300KB and 250MB/sec write and read results of 700MB/sec places the advanced disk drive at the front line. The advanced disk drive is expected to be more durable as compared to other disks. Durability is more important than speed and capacity. Identifying and implementing investments repetit ively and effectively make up the vital purpose of innovation management. Various decisions that are prepared in Samsung Company affect the succession and eventual success of superior ideas. New innovative ideas must be aimed at solving an existing business problem or growing an opportunity (Ernst, 2007). Successful innovation management in Samsung Company follows the following guidelines; first, whether the potential innovation is aligned with the company’s strategy. Second, how the proposed change will add value to the customer. That is how the advanced wireless disk drive will add value to the customer, the third guideline is the amount of investment that is required and whether the investment will generate good returns. Whether the advanced disk drive will attract more customers? Forth, the possible impact of innovation to the current business and whether it would affect the existing returns. Also, the time frame for the effect to be realized and the impact to the business, how the innovation will alter or disrupt current markets; whether the new idea will generate additional revenue or reduces operating costs, the other guideline is how the latest innovations improve existing or build up new obstacles to competition and finally whether there is an effortless access to the competencies required to apprehend the new idea. The new strategy that Samsung Company should slip in when launching the advanced wireless disk drive is pricing strategy. They should employ customer-based pricing. Samsung Company is well-known for hasty production of differentiated products thus penetration pricing will work best. The purpose of penetration pricing is to enlarge market share of the product. Samsung Company by the use of penetration pricing will be able to raise prices once they penetrate the market. The new strategy will draw many customers to buy the wireless disk drive and other products. The long term gain is that Samsung will accomplish a higher market share as compared to other rivalry companies in the industry. Samsung products are somewhat differentiated and owing to price inelasticity of demand in the market; this new strategy will work best for Samsung. This will be a very competitive tool for Samsung as they launch the advanced wireless disk drive and other innovative products. Retrieved from HYPERLINK â €Å"http://www.samsung.com/africa_en/aboutsamsung/† http://www.samsung.com/africa_en/aboutsamsung/ Samsung Company is conversant that innovation management requires an innovation framework that will enable effective and repetitive change which will increase the capacity of the company to generate high quality goods and services. Innovation encourages the need for rapid change and rejuvenation, potentially affecting all sectors of a company. Samsung does not engage its workers in long working hours like Apple and Google since they believe in innovativeness. Transform is usually opposed which calls for necessary rewards and incentives to endorse the required innovation. The weekly meetings and workshop with the team of 8 members will be very significant since it will help me to diagnose the hindrances to innovation in the company (ArguÃÅ'ˆden, 2011). The workshop and meetings will be exceptionally useful in understanding how verified framework to make the company more inventive. The workshop and weekly meetings will help us to find out examples of appropriate practice in innovation management and compose an action plan that will boost the innovation performance of the company. The other chief benefits of holding weekly meetings and workshops in Samsung Company include; gain awareness of how to develop excellent ideas that focus on adding value to the customer. For example, Samsung is planning to launch the advanced wireless disk drive and other products such as Galaxy S4 and Galaxy S5. Samsung operates under the philosophy of ‘people first.’ Second, help to gain self-assurance to manage the company’s assortment and shield the most innovative ideas. Third, help people to gain capacity to borrow ideas from chief management team for the company’s innovation action plan. Third, help individuals to gain abil ity to endorse an organizational culture that embraces creativity and innovativeness. It also helps to increase the alertness of apposite application of strategies so as to improve company presentation. Finally, help to build up confidence to communicate about the need for innovation and how to achieve it (Chang, 2008). The new idea of advanced wireless disk drive must offer competitive advantage to attract new clients, maintain existing clients and cut-down the production cost with an aim of maximizing profits. Innovation is not hard but it is a complex process which involves change. Change on the other hand necessitates learning. High improbability and likelihood makes innovation management very complex, since it calls for the learning speculation to be concentrated on the areas of alteration that represent the highest possibility or uncertainty for gradual sustainability and intensification of the company. For more than 70 years, Samsung has focused on advancing the world through diversification that has led to advanced technology fashion, skyscraper, hotels, medicine, petrochemicals, semiconductors, finance and plant construction. Samsung Electronics lead takes the top position in the global market in high-tech digital media and electronic manufacturing. Through innovative, reliable services and products, talented personnel, collaboration with customers and other stakeholders, and responsible approach to business and global citizenship, Samsung is moving the world in imaginative new commands (Bessant, 2009). There are several external and internal triggers facing Samsung Company; however, there are many potential solutions to these problems. Three pillars of innovation must also be considered in development of innovation framework. These pillars include strategy, competency and management. Innovative competency of the company will depend on the set of capabilities and the history. Samsung main objective is making a better world through innovation. Powerful framework is based on commitment and competence which will help the company to propel forward. As the company manager it is vital to come up with strategies in the resource allocation. The strategies will also be significant in improving the existing processes and products, finding adjacencies and discovering totally new markets. A competent firm is required to manage its innovation in an appropriate manner. Samsung have to be hasty in its production so that it can cope with competition from Apple and Google. People everywhere, regardl ess of their earnings; desire to use superior and innovative products. Thus Samsung Company has to come up with strategies to make their products more affordable to the customers. People have different tastes, budgets, preferences and lifestyles. Through provision of innovative products that offer value for money, the company will meet different needs of the clients all over (Ghemawat et al, 2011). The diversification strategy should focus on ensuring that the new product gives the customers confidence that the product will deliver on its promise so that they feel their money is spent appropriately. Improving brand quality will make business sense and enhance the company’s capacity to improve the lives of the low-income customers. The Samsung Company has the necessary resources, skills and the will to produce high-quality products at a lower price which meet the customer’s demands. Samsung Company must to come up with innovative strategies such as diversification strategy since the competitors are not willing to move back from breakthrough designs, very responsive and mass customizing variety strategies among other strategies that enhance production of superior products (Kenny, 2009). The innovation team will be of great importance since they will help in generation of a set of innovation activities which amalgamates the activity into a regular cycle of running the company. The following phases in innovation management will assist Samsung to amalgamate the set of innovation activities in order to realize a fruitful end (Trauffler et al, 2007). They include: Setting the objectives for the process             Innovation is all about change and starts with a goal in mind. The major problem is developing a strategy that will ensure provision of quality products at affordable prices which will attract more customers as well as retaining the existing customers. The team of innovation management has come up with diversification strategy that solves this predicament. Once the goal is identified, it will be discussed by all the members in the problem solving team. I am the leader of the team being in charge of other 8 members. These individuals are professional functional areas. The team will have weekly meetings and workshops where they will provide feedback and suggestions regarding their personal experience with the company’s product and services. I will be the leader of the team and I will oversee all the parts of the process from the beginning to the end (Hill, 2012). Cooperation             As an innovation team in Samsung Company we will work together so that rather than raising separate ideas, we can amalgamate them and develop a collaborative solution. This will be achieved through the weekly meetings and workshops. I have great experience as a manager in the company thus there is no need of hiring a trained business coach to facilitate the discussions. In addition, the prosperity of Samsung Company can be attributed to the uphill struggle and proficiency of its employees, whose mutual efforts boost the company’s competitive advantage and speed up innovation. It is also doubtless that the previous success would have been impractical without the intense interest and packed support from all stakeholders. Retrieved from HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung† http://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsungCombination of ideas The team highlights the ideas, and then they select the most suitable ones and then evaluate to see whether they can be combined to come up with an excellent idea. In deed, bold ideas will be complementary to each other and will combine to a better result. The whole result is likely to intensify with every member contributing to the process. The success of this combined ideas require representative from every stakeholder in the process. This is because these stakeholders are experts and have crucial information that individuals from other departments could not raise. As the team leader I will ensure that every angle of innovative process is covered. The business idea is to develop an advanced wireless disk drive. Evaluation of Innovation             This is a very crucial aspect of innovation management; however, it is usually ignored. When the most suitable ideas are fine-tuned, combined, and polished they should be subjected to peer review for evaluation. This will ensure the efficacy of the idea of advanced wireless disk drive. Deprived ideas will be identified in the evaluation stage before Samsung commits its funds, time and resources to them. Evaluation stage will also help the team to select idea with great potential from the other ideas that seem to have equal chances of success. This is the stage where the innovation team can alter the strategy of innovation with a lot of ease as compared to later stages. The stages after evaluation stage are more costly and thus require a lot of caution. The advanced wireless disk drive will enable customers to; access their Media Wirelessly, stream media wirelessly to Tablets or Smartphones among others, customers can also stream to up to 4 diverse devices concurre ntly, the drive also can operate the disk drive as a moveable DVD Writer and finally the wireless disk drive can as well be paired with Samsung Smart TV. The advanced disk drive is the quickest of all other wireless disk drives. Testing the ideasOnce the innovation team identifies the potential idea, in this case developing an advanced wireless disk drive, they will test it so that they can identify the weak areas that require development. One of the most common method of testing service delivery or product quality is creation of test group. This will enable the innovation team, the customers, and the investors to familiarize with the new product in terms of its functioning and the necessary changes to be made to improve the product. The strategy is to ensure that the product raise interest as well as generating more orders. Customers will get interested to the high-quality products such that they will order more products from the company. Execution of the innovation implementation             If the idea of advanced wireless disk drive passes through the testing process, it can be further modified and changed until it is ready to be implemented as a component of the company offerings. The execution of implementation is unique for every business. Unless the idea of an advanced wireless disk drive calls for alteration of marketing strategies, then this step for innovation management process should be basic for the company. It will be effortless for Samsung Company to move from testing of the product to the execution if the new product were able to create interest and generate orders in the testing stage (Zacharias, 2011). Assessment of Innovation Life-cycle             This is the step that follows after the execution of the business idea. Implementation should be closely monitored and assessed regarding the targets to be set. If the target is unattainable, the idea will be turned down calling for developments. Customer is always considered in the execution stage, the team will design measuring systems which can measure the value added to the customer through application of new strategies. Samsung work under the philosophy of ‘people first.’ The next step after assessment is starting again, identify new strategies, solutions and inspirations and taking them through the cycle until the company come up with appropriate strategies that ensure value is added to the customers. Over the last two decades, Samsung Electronics utilized a series of turn around strategies that basically altered the approach of managing Samsung Company. The employees will be forced to learn from the new speed. Creativity calls for speed in the processes, inventory turns, functions, data access and market response. The style of management which includes control and command is obsolete and the modern way of business success is accommodating new technologies as well as open leadership styles where leaders consider other people’s opinions. The innovation team has to determine how the problem is defined in order to come up with appropriate strategy. For example, Samsung identified the problem associated to access of media. They decide to solve the problem by developing an advanced wireless disk drive where people can stream at ease. This will help the company to develop and raise ideas based on the need and how to improve the brand while maintaining low prices. Capacity to come up with new ideas should be one of the most crucial priorities in an organization. Retrieved from http://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/ Innovation process will also include the Samsung’s internal and external elements. The team of innovation includes eight members who are company employees, customers and other stakeholders in the company. The innovation process will consider the following: Industry and cultural context.             This refers to the environment and culture existing in Samsung Company. Samsung Company main objective is to produce first-rated product and services. The company officials also are very considerate since they respect other people’s opinions. This cultural background has greatly contributed to the expansion of the company since the employees have learnt to work under minimum supervision. The relationship between employees and the supervisors is excellent. The company is also deeply concerned with the future path of the employees and thus provides mentoring, training and essential coursework as well as coaching them. The company is also concerned about the employee’s social life and thus offers flexibility in schedules (Michell, 2010). Employee’s opinions are also taken seriously so as to involve them in decision making. Decision making is very important and everyone should be involved since decision made will affect every individual related to the company operations. This employee relationship enhances engagement thus workers are motivated and thus will be crucial to company’s performance. Samsung Company recognizes that a company is its people, thus they operate under the value of integrity. Operations in Samsung are guided by moral values which ensure respect, complete transparency, fairness, for all employees as well as stakeholders (Mellor, 2003). Organizational context             Samsung’s structure is very distinct because although there are representatives in every sector; respect remain paramount in the company. Employees respect their bosses and works under minimum supervision. Moral ethics is fundamental principle in Samsung Company. Samsung Company believes in use technology and innovation instead of control and command. The main goal is to be the best company in product and service. Customer satisfaction is the main objective since Samsung seeks to produce high-quality products while maintaining low prices. Company culture is very crucial since it can shape or break down the company. Samsung operates under team-based culture where employees participate on all levels. Samsung Company’s culture is adaptive and hence has enabled Samsung to outshine its competitors (Haig, 2004). Adaptive culture accommodates change which is very essential for innovation management. It is very imperative for Samsung Company to understand its culture since it will learn to shape it according to their wish. The company’s culture has experienced changes due to hiring and replacement of employees. New employees bring new values and practices to the company’s culture. Thus it is vital to access the company culture by listening to comments from suppliers, customers and the employees. The common behaviors and noticeable symbols comprise the company culture. The team should also determine the desired company culture before any change is implemented. Samsung innovation team must find out the appropriate culture that suit the company in its desired future situation. The team will also review the company’s mission, values and vision to ensure that the culture being designed will support them effectively. Samsung Company culture is aligned to its strategic goal (Krug , 2009). Aligning company culture to the strategic goals includes; developing a strategy that endorses the good things in the current culture and correcting the unaligned sectors, the team should brainstorm developments in the formal laws and daily duties, the team should develop strategic plan of the desired behaviors and actions, the innovation team should communicate the recent culture to all employees, and finally the innovation team should also over-communicate the recent culture and its practices to every individual. Strategic model of innovationSamsung electronic main focus is strategic innovation endeavors on product improvement which are usually addition and convey diminutive new significance. Though the aim might be to improve the brand quality it is also good to consider company culture, resources and network. Samsung can avoid diminishing returns from increased competition by creating a new model for the product. The more the innovation team will succeed in advancement of unique features in their production, product and marketing the more the innovation will be. Samsung uses four main areas to come up with a successful new business model of innovation for secure competitive advantage. The first chief area is the core strategy which implies how the company will compete. The innovation team will develop core strategy such that it includes the company mission with key objectives such as strategic intent and value proposition. The company can use the strength of the current strategy or consider generating a new one. The core strategy should focus on competitive markets, defining the environment, customers and segment. A strategic core strategy is different from that of the competing firms and builds on the company’s features and strengths. Samsung Launch of advanced wireless disk drive is a significant step that enables customers to enjoy the quickest wireless streaming from SMART hub. Retrieved from http://www.macworld.com/article/1162103/samsung_announces_new_optical_drive_with_wi_fi_connectivity.html The innovation team will also focus on strategic resources. Samsung will also highlight the areas that require reorganization and improvement of the existing staff. The team should understand the company’s patents, brands and infrastructure. The company resources are expensive to imitate as they are associated to high cost and thus scare off competing firms. The company should use its strengths to improve competition. Customer interface is the other key factor to consider, where Samsung considers the market and the existing competition. Samsung should identify the type of service, channels and support involved or that it controls with the available one so that they can add value to the product. Samsung innovation team should also use its client’s insight and use every opportunity to improve market understanding and how the market understands the company. Understanding the information requirements of chief customers and their dynamic interaction with the product or company is very important in strategic innovation. Pricing strategies might also be considered since the new product might alter the company’s practices (Michell, 2010). Value network is another crucial factor to take into consideration. Samsung should consider the value network from the top to bottom of the value chain. The company stabilizes when it attract more finances and better partnership as compared to its competitors. The rapport between company and its suppliers influence opportunities for faster changes, price and quality of a product. The partners of the company can supply critical solutions and mechanism to the product, or create synergies or symmetries to augment sale. If Samsung innovation costs are projected to be high, the innovation team can consider a coalition even with the competing firm to enhance radical change in the market. The framework of meta-innovation is very important strategy to apply since it challenges the firms to think beyond product quality, markets and processes. Innovation does not necessarily have to be a high cost, but it should be an appropriate idea (Chang, 2008). 4. Knowledge deployment             Samsung is committed to inspire people across the world by developing innovative products, new technologies and creative solutions. Samsung is changing rapidly to cope with the changing world. The company is relentless in innovation and pursuit of discovery thus creating possibilities. The launch of the wireless disk drive among other excellent products has enabled Samsung to be a world-class company. Samsung innovation has enabled advancement in technology, skyscraper, medicine, semiconductors, hotels, plant construction, finance and petrochemical among other significant application that help to push industries forward. Through creation of superior product and services, Samsung struggle to augment the lives of people across the world and ensuring positive change to the world. Samsung believe in power to connect people to what they are today with what they aspire to be in future. Samsung Company is the leader in high-tech digital products such as LCD and color tel evision, EMS micro chip and mobile phones (Michell, 2010). 5. Methods of collaboration             Samsung has taken full advantage as a latecomer and outshined various leading companies by employing a powerful engineering of core technology. Samsung does not engage its workers in long working hours, but it believes in innovation management. Samsung work under the philosophy of ‘people first’ thus they are able to develop products that attract more customers. For example, the wireless disk drive is a very advanced tool that will enable customers to enjoy wireless streaming among other uses. Samsung has never thought of quitting transformation and innovation. History reveals how, Kun-Hee Lee, Samsung chairman is excellent in deciding and forecasting. Samsung is also able to be the world leading company because of continuous development and investment. Samsung also changed from massive imitational production to independent product development based on digital technology. Samsung endeavors to make an integrated world through global citizenship and res ponsible approach to business as well as collaboration with their customers and stakeholders (Krug, 2009). 6. Protecting innovation             This paper explains how Samsung internalization in China helps it secure a competitive advantage. Samsung has three lasting forces namely promotion force, force of internal motivation and organization force. Promotion force is the company and entrepreneurship culture which control strategic decision making and approach of development of a company and determine the character of a company. Force of internal motivation is the capacity in engineering of key technology and its application which forms Samsung’s competence. Organizational force is under scientific management which enables Samsung to execute its strategy. Samsung company management involves innovation in reducing transaction cost as well as innovation in utilizing capital. Retrieved from http://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/ 7. Managing risks: failure and imitation             Diversification is the key strategy that enables Samsung to cope with risk and uncertainty. Samsung philosophy is ‘people first’ which enable them to develop products that align with customer’s needs. Samsung chairman is also excellent in forecasting and deciding power which has greatly helped the company to develop products that attract more customers. Samsung success is not measured in terms of achievement, but how they have improved the lives of the people. Samsung also manage risks by changing rapidly to cope with the changing world. Samsung is a leading company in production of high-tech digital products which are unique. For example, the launching of wireless disk drive is a significant step where customers will be attracted by the drive unique characteristics. Samsung strive to make a better world through innovation, trustworthy goods and services. Samsung utilizes diversification which helps it to produce differentiated products ranging from LCD and color television, smart phones and EMS memory chip. Customers are able to choose from variety of Samsung products which place the company at a competitive advantage. Samsung also utilizes cost-benefit analysis which helps the company to manage risks and uncertainty. Samsung measure the efficacy of a strategy by testing the ideas mainly through insights from customers, employees or other stakeholders (Kenny, 2009). 8. Commercialization             Samsung products are widely used across the world. Samsung has enhanced the growth of many businesses that use their high-tech products. Samsung strive to make the world integrated through advanced technology, finance, medicine, semiconductors, hotels skyscraper, petrochemicals, and plant construction among others. Samsung is made up of more than 78 distinct companies and joint ventures in an extensive assortment of businesses. Samsung objective is to diversify into medicine, health and biotechnology. Samsung is recognized as the leader in technology and is now ranks as a top 10 global brand. Diversification strategy has also helped Samsung to develop different products of high quality at cheaper prices as compared to products from other companies; for instance, Samsung receive massive sale of smart phones. The company also project that the newly launched advanced wireless disk drive will attract more customers and gain more orders (ArguÃÅ'ˆden, 2011). References About Samsung. (n.d.). – Samsung. Retrieved May 22, 2014, from http://www.samsung.com/africa_en/aboutsamsung/ ArguÃÅ'ˆden, R. Y. (2011). Keys to governance Strategic leadership for quality of life. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Bessant, J. R. (2009). Innovation. London: DK. Chang, S. (2008). Sony vs. Samsung: the inside story of the electronics giants’ battle for global supremacy. Singapore: Wiley. Day, G. S. (2013). Innovation Prowess Leadership Strategies for Accelerating Growth.. New York: Wharton Digital Press. Ernst, H. (2007). Innovation orientation, innovativeness and innovation success. Wiesbaden: Gabler. Ghemawat, P., & Siegel, J. I. (2011). Cases about redefining global strategy. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business Pub..Haig, M. (2004). Brand royalty: how the world’s top 100 brands thrive and survive. London: Kogan Page. Hill, K. (2012). International directory of company histories. Detroit, Mich.: St. James Press. Kenny, G. (2009). Diversification strategy how to grow a business by diversifying successfully. London: Kogan Page. Krug, J. A. (2009). Corporate strategy. London: SAGE. Mellor, R. B. (2003). Innovation management (1. ed.). NÃÆ' ¦rum: Globe. Michell, T. (2010). Samsung Electronics and the struggle for leadership of the electronics industry. Singapore: Wiley. Samsung Receives 49 Awards across Multiple Product Categories at CES 2014. (2014, January 15). Health & Beauty Close-Up, 23, 43. (2014). Samsung S5 to feature biometric access control and secure mobile PayPal. Biometric Technology Today, 2014(3), 1.Samsung announces new optical drive with Wi-Fi connectivity. (n.d.). Macworld. Retrieved May 22, 2014, from http://www.macworld.com/article/1162103/samsung_announces_new_optical_drive_with_wi_fi_connectivity.html (2007). Samsung does six sigma: A case study on supply chain management. Strategic Direction, 23(9), 15-17. Trauffler, G., & Tschirky, H. (2007). Sustained innovation management: assimilating radical and incremental innovation management. Basingstoke [England: Palgrave Macmillan in association with the European Institute for Technology and Innovation Management. Trott, P. (2008). Innovation management and new product development (4th ed.). Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Welcome to Samsung. (n.d.). Samsung. Retrieved May 22, 2014, from http://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/ Zacharias, N. (2011). An integrative approach to innovation management patterns of companies’ innovation orientation and customer responses to product program innovativeness. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag. Source document